Cloves: Hidden Dangers, Side Effects, and Risks Explained

Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) are highly valued in cuisines and traditional remedies worldwide, cherished for their distinct aroma, taste, and purported health benefits. However, while moderate use of cloves as a spice is generally safe, excessive consumption or improper application—especially of clove oil—can lead to a range of adverse effects, some of which are severe and potentially life-threatening. This article explores the hidden dangers, side effects, and health risks associated with cloves and clove-derived products, providing you with evidence-based insights to help you use them safely.

Table of Contents

• Introduction
• Common Side Effects of Cloves
• Risks and Toxicity of Clove Oil
• Liver Damage from Clove Overconsumption
• Hypoglycemia and Blood Sugar Issues
• Drug Interactions to Consider
• Allergic Reactions and Skin Irritation
• Gastrointestinal Distress
• Risks of Cloves in Children
• Dangers of Clove Cigarettes
• Safe Usage Guidelines
• Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Introduction

For centuries, cloves have appeared in culinary creations, traditional medicine, and even dental care, praised for their rich antioxidant profile (notably eugenol) and potential anti-inflammatory properties. Yet, as with many potent natural substances, cloves are not entirely risk-free. This article clarifies the most significant dangers you should be aware of if you regularly use cloves or clove oil in any form.

Common Side Effects of Cloves

While moderate culinary use is generally harmless, larger doses—or high concentrations such as extracts and oils—pose several risks:

• Mouth and Throat Irritation: Whole cloves or undiluted clove oil, when chewed or applied directly, can irritate, burn, or numb oral and throat mucosa. Chronic use damages sensitive oral tissues and may worsen dental or gum issues.
• Nausea and Indigestion: Excessive consumption of cloves (especially as tea, supplements, or extracts) can result in stomach upset, bloating, and nausea. People with sensitive digestive systems are at greater risk for discomfort.
• Burning Sensation: Application of clove oil on the skin or inside the mouth may lead to a strong burning feeling, particularly in those with sensitivities.

Risks and Toxicity of Clove Oil

Clove oil contains exceptionally high concentrations of eugenol, a compound linked to diverse therapeutic and toxic effects. The following tables summarize the risks of clove oil ingestion and misuse:

Important: Children are much more susceptible to clove oil toxicity. Even small doses can cause severe poisoning, liver injury, and death. Never use undiluted clove oil orally or topically on children. Pure clove oil is not intended for ingestion by adults either, unless prescribed and monitored by a healthcare provider.

Liver Damage from Clove Overconsumption

Among the most serious documented side effects is acute liver injury, usually following the ingestion of large amounts of clove oil or concentrated extracts:

• Liver injury can manifest within 12–24 hours after overdose, with symptoms such as:
  • Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
  • Elevated liver enzymes
  • Coagulation problems (bleeding issues)
  • Rapid progression to liver failure
  • Metabolic acidosis and respiratory issues
• Liver injury is potentially reversible if treated promptly, but can be fatal in infants and those who do not receive immediate medical care.
• Cases are most common in children who accidentally ingest clove oil intended for medicinal or household use.

Hypoglycemia and Blood Sugar Issues

Eugenol and other clove compounds may lower blood sugar, which can be helpful—but also potentially dangerous—for individuals using diabetic medication:

• If you already use blood sugar-lowering drugs, such as insulin, combining them with clove supplements may cause hypoglycemia (dangerously low blood sugar).
• Severe hypoglycemia can be life-threatening if not recognized and treated.
• Cloves used in food quantities are generally safe; however, supplements or medicinal extracts should be used only under medical guidance.

Drug Interactions to Consider

Cloves and clove oil can interact with certain prescription medications and potentially amplify side effects or toxicity:

• Blood Thinners (e.g., warfarin): Eugenol can enhance the effects of anticoagulant medications, increasing the risk of bleeding.
• Hypoglycemic Agents: As discussed, the combination can result in excessive lowering of blood glucose.
• Enzyme Suppressors/Inducers: Little clinical data exists, but as with most potent natural compounds, there is a possibility of other medication interactions via the liver.

Always inform your healthcare provider about any herbal products or supplements you are taking, including cloves or clove oil.

Allergic Reactions and Skin Irritation

Clove oil—when applied topically—can cause:

• Redness, stinging, itching, or burning of the skin or gums (especially when undiluted or in sensitive individuals)
• Rashes, blisters, or large welts
• Oral inflammation and soreness (notably after dental applications)
• Rarely, potentially serious systemic allergic reactions

Patch testing before first-time use is advised.

Gastrointestinal Distress

Cloves in food quantities rarely pose problems, but excess intake (via chewing, concentrated teas, or supplements) has been linked to:

• Stomach pain and burning
• Nausea and vomiting
• Bloating, excessive gas
• Diarrhea or loose stools

People with digestive sensitivities should avoid consuming large quantities.

Risks of Cloves in Children

• Children are much more vulnerable to adverse effects of cloves—especially clove oil. Even small amounts can result in severe poisoning, liver failure, or fatal outcomes. Never use clove oil for teething pain or inside the mouths of infants or young children.
• Clove oil should always be stored safely out of reach of children.

Dangers of Clove Cigarettes

Clove-flavored cigarettes (kreteks) are popular in some cultures, but carry unique risks:

• Pulmonary complications: Clove cigarettes have been associated with cases of severe lung injury, including hemorrhagic pulmonary edema, pneumonia, bronchitis, hemoptysis, and lung abscesses.
• Aspiration risk: Eugenol’s anesthetic properties may temporarily numb throat reflexes, increasing the risk of aspiration and subsequent lung infection.
• Adolescents attracted to flavored cigarettes may be more likely to develop habitual tobacco use later in life.

Safe Usage Guidelines for Cloves and Clove Oil

Cloves are safe for most healthy adults when used as a spice in normal culinary amounts. To minimize risks:

• Use clove oil only as directed, and always dilute before topical usage.
• Never ingest clove oil directly. For dental use, ensure proper dilution and only short-term application.
• Do not use clove oil or supplements in children, pregnant, or breastfeeding women without explicit medical guidance.
• If you have liver disease, diabetes, bleeding disorders, or use blood thinners, consult your doctor before using cloves medicinally.
• Perform a patch test before first-time topical application.
• Always keep clove oil and concentrated products out of reach of children.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q: Is it safe to chew whole cloves daily?

The occasional chewing of a single clove is unlikely to be harmful for healthy adults, but regular or excessive chewing may irritate the mouth and throat and increase the risk of gastrointestinal upset. Moderation is key and medicinal use should be supervised by a professional.

Q: Are there side effects of using cloves in cooking?

Normal culinary use (as a spice) poses minimal risk for most people. Adverse effects are generally associated with clove oil, extracts, supplements, or extreme overconsumption.

Q: Can clove oil help with toothache?

Diluted clove oil is sometimes recommended for short-term relief of dental pain due to its numbing effects, but undiluted oil should never be applied to gums or oral tissues. Prolonged use can damage oral mucosa or even cause toxic effects.

Q: What should I do in case of accidental clove oil ingestion?

If someone—especially a child—ingests clove oil, seek emergency medical help immediately. Toxic effects can develop rapidly and may cause liver failure, seizures, and even death.

Q: Are cloves safe during pregnancy or breastfeeding?

There is limited safety data regarding cloves or clove oil during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Err on the side of caution: avoid medicinal use or consult your doctor first.

Q: Can cloves irritate the skin?

Yes. Direct application of clove oil can sometimes cause burning, redness, rashes, and even blistering, especially on sensitive skin. Always dilute before use and perform a patch test.

Q: Can cloves interact with medications?

Yes. Eugenol may interact with blood thinners and diabetes medication. Always check with your healthcare provider before using clove supplements alongside pharmaceuticals.

Q: Do cloves have long-term negative effects?

No long-term adverse effects have been documented with typical food use, but long-term overuse of clove oil or supplements can lead to liver or other organ toxicity.

Summary Table: Potential Side Effects of Cloves and Clove Oil

Key Takeaway: Use cloves and clove oil sparingly and with caution—especially in children, those with underlying health conditions, or while on medication. When in doubt, consult a medical professional before starting any new herbal remedy or supplement.

Author

Sneha TeteBeauty & Lifestyle Writer

 

Sneha is a relationships and lifestyle writer with a strong foundation in applied linguistics and certified training in relationship coaching. She brings over five years of writing experience to thebridalbox, crafting thoughtful, research-driven content that empowers readers to build healthier relationships, boost emotional well-being, and embrace holistic living.

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