Apple Cider Vinegar Side Effects: What You Need To Know

Apple cider vinegar (ACV) has surged in popularity as a natural remedy for a variety of health concerns—from weight loss to acne treatment. While it offers certain potential benefits, increasing scientific literature and clinical observations warn of possible side effects and risks, especially when used excessively or improperly. This article explores the adverse effects of apple cider vinegar, outlines who should be cautious, and provides key safety tips.

What Is Apple Cider Vinegar?

Apple cider vinegar is a type of vinegar made from fermented apple juice. It is commonly used as a food condiment, for pickling, in salad dressings, and as a traditional remedy. ACV contains acetic acid, enzymes, and trace amounts of other acids and compounds that contribute to its characteristic tangy taste and purported health properties.

Potential Side Effects of Apple Cider Vinegar

Although apple cider vinegar is generally safe when consumed in small amounts as a food ingredient, its concentrated or excessive use can lead to several adverse effects. These side effects are primarily due to its high acidity and potential to interact with medications and bodily processes.

1. Tooth Enamel Erosion and Tooth Decay

Apple cider vinegar is highly acidic and can erode tooth enamel when consumed undiluted or in large amounts. Enamel erosion may result in:

• Increased sensitivity to hot, cold, or sweet foods
• Aching or pain in teeth
• Higher risk of cavities and dental decay

A recent clinical study found that drinking vinegar daily led to an 18% increase in tooth erosion compared to non-consumers. Always dilute ACV with water and use a straw if possible to minimize contact with your teeth. Rinsing the mouth with water after consumption can also help reduce harm.

2. Throat Irritation and Burns

Undiluted apple cider vinegar can irritate or burn the throat and esophagus. Several case reports document throat burns, ulcers, and in rare cases, more severe damage such as bleeding or vomiting blood. This is primarily linked to the direct, undiluted ingestion of ACV, especially over prolonged periods. Children are especially at risk if they accidentally ingest concentrated vinegar.

3. Low Potassium Levels (Hypokalemia) and Bone Loss

ACV can lower potassium levels in the blood (hypokalemia) when consumed in excess or over the long term. Potassium is vital for muscle, nerve, and heart function. Low potassium can cause:

• Muscle cramps and weakness
• Heart rhythm disturbances
• Fatigue and confusion

Prolonged low potassium may also affect bone density and health, as potassium helps absorb and metabolize calcium for strong bones. Excessive ACV intake could increase the risk of bone weakening, especially in individuals with osteoporosis or low bone mass.

4. Skin Irritation and Burns

Topical application of undiluted apple cider vinegar can lead to skin irritation, burns, or chemical injuries. Multiple case studies have reported burns after ACV was applied to treat warts, acne, or other skin conditions. The National Capitol Poison Center recommends always diluting ACV heavily before using it on the skin and avoiding prolonged contact.

5. Gastrointestinal Distress

The effect of ACV on the gut is mixed; while some advocate it for digestive health, evidence shows that high doses or undiluted vinegar may cause:

• Bloating and gas
• Nausea or vomiting
• Abdominal pain
• Delayed stomach emptying (gastroparesis), particularly risky for people with diabetes

Regular use on an empty stomach and in excessive amounts is likely to increase gastrointestinal discomfort.

6. Medication Interactions

ACV can interact with certain medications, changing their effectiveness or increasing the risk of side effects. Important interactions include:

• Diuretics (e.g., furosemide): Increased risk of low potassium
• Insulin or diabetes medications: May overly lower blood sugar, increasing risk of hypoglycemia
• Heart medications (e.g., digoxin)
• Laxatives: Increased potassium loss
• Blood thinners (e.g., warfarin): May increase bleeding risk

If you take any of these medications, consult your doctor before consuming ACV regularly.

7. Worsening of Chronic Conditions

• People with kidney disease should avoid apple cider vinegar, as their kidneys may not be able to efficiently remove the excess acids, increasing the risk of metabolic disturbances.
• Those with acid reflux, ulcers, or other digestive disorders may experience worsened symptoms due to ACV’s acidity.

Other Possible Side Effects and Concerns

• Delayed Stomach Emptying: ACV may slow how fast your stomach releases its contents, possibly worsening gastroparesis or bloating.
• Appetite Changes: Some find that vinegar suppresses the appetite; others report it increases hunger or leads to unpleasant fullness.
• Unpleasant Taste and Odor: Some users find the strong taste and smell of apple cider vinegar unpalatable or irritating to the senses.

Tips to Minimize Risks When Using Apple Cider Vinegar

• Always dilute ACV: Mix 1–2 tablespoons in a large glass of water rather than taking it straight.
• Use a straw to reduce contact with your teeth
• Rinse your mouth with plain water afterward, but wait 30 minutes before brushing to avoid additional enamel abrasion
• Do not exceed safe amounts: Limit intake to 1–2 tablespoons (15–30 ml) per day, or as advised by your healthcare provider
• Do not apply undiluted ACV on skin or open wounds
• Monitor for side effects such as new digestive symptoms, changes in potassium levels, or unexpected reactions
• Individuals with pre-existing medical conditions (e.g., diabetes, kidney disease, low potassium) should seek medical advice before use

Who Should Avoid Apple Cider Vinegar?

• People with chronic kidney disease
• Individuals with severe digestive disorders (e.g., ulcers, GERD, gastroparesis)
• Those with low potassium levels or at risk for hypokalemia
• Anyone on medications that interact negatively with ACV
• Children—especially for undiluted ingestion or topical use
• Pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult healthcare providers before use

Safe Storage and Use of Apple Cider Vinegar

• Store ACV in a cool, dark place—no need to refrigerate after opening
• Ensure the cap is tightly sealed between uses to prevent contamination
• Use glass or plastic containers; avoid exposure to direct sunlight
• Check for changes in smell, taste, or cloudiness as signs of aging, but high acidity keeps it generally safe for up to several years

Summary Table: Common Side Effects of Apple Cider Vinegar

Frequently Asked Questions About Apple Cider Vinegar Side Effects

Q: How much apple cider vinegar is safe to consume daily?

A: Diluting 1–2 tablespoons (15–30 ml) in a large glass of water per day is generally considered safe for most healthy adults, but individuals with health conditions should consult a doctor first.

Q: Can apple cider vinegar damage your teeth?

A: Yes, undiluted apple cider vinegar is highly acidic and can erode tooth enamel, which can lead to sensitivity and an increased risk of cavities. Always dilute ACV and use a straw to minimize dental damage.

Q: Is it safe to use apple cider vinegar on your face or skin?

A: Apple cider vinegar should never be used undiluted on the skin or open wounds, as it can cause irritation or chemical burns. Always dilute heavily and do a patch test first.

Q: Can apple cider vinegar interact with medications?

A: Yes, ACV can interact with medications like diuretics, insulin, heart medications, and blood thinners, potentially causing dangerous side effects. Always check with your healthcare provider before starting ACV if you take any prescription drugs.

Q: Are there people who should never use apple cider vinegar?

A: Yes. Those with chronic kidney disease, severe digestive disorders, low potassium, or who are on interacting medications should avoid ACV unless under direct medical supervision.

Author

Sneha TeteBeauty & Lifestyle Writer

 

Sneha is a relationships and lifestyle writer with a strong foundation in applied linguistics and certified training in relationship coaching. She brings over five years of writing experience to thebridalbox, crafting thoughtful, research-driven content that empowers readers to build healthier relationships, boost emotional well-being, and embrace holistic living.

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